According to the Principles of Medical Ethics, healthcare personnel should avoid participating in what type of acts?

The principle of medical ethics emphasizes the obligation of healthcare personnel to prioritize the well-being and dignity of patients. One of the most significant ethical mandates is the prohibition against participating in acts that could cause harm, including torture or cruel treatment. Healthcare providers, guided by the Hippocratic Oath and other ethical frameworks, are bound to do no harm and to protect the vulnerable. Participating in torture contradicts these core ethical principles, as it involves inflicting physical or psychological suffering on individuals, which is fundamentally incompatible with the role of a healer.

In contrast, voluntary military service does not inherently involve unethical practices and can be a personal choice made by individuals for various reasons. Emergency interventions without consent can be ethically justified in certain situations, where immediate action is necessary to save a life. Providing care to all detainees aligns with the ethical duty to care for all patients, regardless of their status or the circumstances surrounding them. Therefore, the clear violation of medical ethics occurs in the context of torture and cruel treatment, making it the correct answer.